Lincoln called out the militia to suppress this "insurrection. By the end of nearly a million armed men confronted each other along a line stretching miles from Virginia to Missouri. Several battles had already taken place--near Manassas Junction in Virginia, in the mountains of western Virginia where Union victories paved the way for creation of the new state of West Virginia, at Wilson's Creek in Missouri, at Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, and at Port Royal in South Carolina where the Union navy established a base for a blockade to shut off the Confederacy's access to the outside world.
But the real fighting began in By the original Northern goal of a limited war to restore the Union had given way to a new strategy of "total war" to destroy the Old South and its basic institution of slavery and to give the restored Union a "new birth of freedom," as President Lincoln put it in his address at Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery for Union soldiers killed in the battle there.
For three long years, from to , Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia staved off invasions and attacks by the Union Army of the Potomac commanded by a series of ineffective generals until Ulysses S. Grant came to Virginia from the Western theater to become general in chief of all Union armies in In the meantime Union armies and river fleets in the theater of war comprising the slave states west of the Appalachian Mountain chain won a long series of victories over Confederate armies commanded by hapless or unlucky Confederate generals.
In General William Tecumseh Sherman led his army deep into the Confederate heartland of Georgia and South Carolina, destroying their economic infrastructure while General George Thomas virtually destroyed the Confederacy's Army of Tennessee at the battle of Nashville. By the spring of all the principal Confederate armies surrendered, and when Union cavalry captured the fleeing Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Georgia on May 10, , resistance collapsed and the war ended.
In Cambodia, the U. Navy conducts its evacuation effort, Operation Eagle. On April 3, , as the communist Khmer Rouge forces closed in for the final assault on the capital city, U. Truman in charge of a country still fighting the Second World War and in possession of a weapon of unprecedented and terrifying power. Galileo was ordered to turn himself in to the Holy Office to begin trial for holding the belief that the On April 12, , the British government moves to mollify outraged colonists by repealing most of the clauses of the hated Townshend Act.
Initially passed on June 29, , the Townshend Act constituted an attempt by the British government to consolidate fiscal and political Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. This Day in History. Civil Rights Movement. Civil War. Art, Literature, and Film History.
December 13, The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Army of the Potomac, under General Ambrose Burnside, is soundly defeated by Lee's forces after a risky river crossing and sacking of the city. January 1, The Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect. Applauded by many abolitionists including Frederick Douglass , there are others who feel it does not go far enough to totally abolish slavery.
March 3, Conscription, or the drafting of soldiers into military service, begins in the North. It had begun in the South the year before. In the west, a Union army has begun a campaign to surround and take Vicksburg, Mississippi, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. May , - The Battle of Chancellorsville , Virginia. General Lee's greatest victory is marred by the mortal wounding of "Stonewall" Jackson, who dies on May Soon after, Lee asks Jefferson Davis for permission to invade the North and take the war out of Virginia.
May 18, - Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi begins. Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant attack Confederate defenses outside the city on May If Vicksburg falls, the Mississippi River will be completely controlled by the Union. Union cavalry forces cross the Rapidan River to attack General J. Stuart's cavalry and discover that Lee's men are moving west toward the Shenandoah Valley.
The largest cavalry battle of the Civil War, it also marks the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign. Meanwhile, the Union assault on Vicksburg, Mississippi has become a siege of the city where soldiers and civilians alike suffer from constant bombardment. June , - Battle of Second Winchester,Virginia.
June 28, - The Gettysburg Campaign continues. Confederates pass through York and reach the bridge over the Susquehanna River at Columbia, but Union militia set fire to the bridge, denying access to the east shore.
Southern cavalry skirmishes with Union militia near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. July - The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The bloodiest battle of the Civil War dashes Robert E. Lee's hopes for a successful invasion of the North. The capture of Vicksburg gives the Union complete control of the Mississippi River, a vital supply line for the Confederate states in the west.
At Gettysburg, Lee begins his retreat to Virginia. July , - Union naval and land forces attack Confederate defenses near Charleston, South Carolina. Among the Union troops is the 54 th Massachusetts Colored Infantry, the first African American regiment of volunteers to see combat. July 13, - Draft Riots begin in New York City and elsewhere as disgruntled workers and laborers, seething over the draft system that seemingly favors the rich, attack the draft office and African American churches.
The riots continue through July Leading the Union infantry charge is the 54 th Massachusetts Colored Infantry commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw who is killed and buried with the dead of his regiment. August 21, - Sacking of Lawrence, Kansas. In a murderous daylight raid, Confederate and Missouri guerillas under William Clarke Quantrill storm into Lawrence and destroy most of the town. Approximately men and boys are murdered by Quantrill's men.
September 19 , - The Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia. Rosecrans' army retreats to the supply base at Chattanooga, Tennessee. Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg surround the occupied city. General Ulysses S. Grant is assigned to command the troops there and begins immediate plans to relieve the besieged Union army. October 5, - Outside of Charleston Harbor, the Confederate David , a partially submerged, steam powered vessel, attacked the New Ironsides , part of the Union fleet blockading the harbor, with a torpedo.
Both ships survived the attack, though the commander of the David and one of his crew were captured. October 9 , - Bristoe Station Campaign. Lee successfully outmaneuvers Meade though fails to bring him to battle or catch him in the open. An engagement at Bristoe Station, Virginia, on October 14 gives the campaign its name.
President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address. November 23 , - The Battle for Chattanooga. Union forces break the Confederate siege of the city in successive attacks. The most notable event is the storming of Lookout Mountain on November 24 and Battle of Missionary Ridge the following day. The decisive Union victory sends the Confederate Army south into Georgia where General Bragg reorganizes his forces before resigning from command on November Lee reacts and throws up a line of defenses along the banks of Mine Run Creek.
After several days of probing the defenses, Meade withdraws north of the Rapidan and goes into winter quarters. November 27 to December 3, - Siege of Knoxville, Tennessee. Longstreet finally attacks on November 30 but is repulsed with heavy losses.
The arrival of Union reinforcements forces him to withdraw to Greeneville, Tennessee, where his corps will spend the winter. December 8, - Lincoln Issues his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which would pardon those who participated in the "existing rebellion" if they take an oath to the Union.
February 9, - Escape from Libby Prison, Richmond. After weeks of digging, Union officers made their escape from the notorious Libby Prison, the largest and most sensational escape of the war. Though 48 of the escapees were later captured and two drowned, 59 were able to make their way into Union lines. Universally referred to as Andersonville Prison Camp , it will become notorious for overcrowded conditions and a high death rate among its inmates.
Union forces under William T. Sherman enter the city of Meridian, Mississippi after a successful month of campaigning through the central part of the state. The capture of this important southern town, well known for its industry and storage capabilities, severely hampers the efforts of Confederate commanders to sustain their armies in the deep south, Georgia and west of the Mississippi River. The CSS H. Struck by the submarine's torpedo, the Housatonic broke apart and sank, taking all but five of her crew with her.
Likewise, the Hunley was also lost and never heard from again until discovered in at the spot where it sank after the attack. March 2, - Ulysses S. Grant is appointed lieutenant general, a rank revived at the request of President Lincoln. Grant assumes command of all Union Armies in the field the following day.
March 10, - The Red River Campaign begins. As part of an overall Union strategy to strike deep into various parts of the Confederacy, a combined force of army and navy commands under General Nathaniel Banks begins a campaign on the Red River in Louisiana.
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